Quality of life of Brazilian plastic surgeons / Qualidade de vida dos cirurgiões plásticos brasileiros

Introduction: Medical quality of life (QoL) is an international object of study. Brazilian Plastic Surgeons QoL hasn`t yet been assessed, with few studies to perform any evaluation on the subject or estimate variables involved. Methods: This is a transversal, non-comparative, non-experimental, contemporary and of full selection study. An on-line research was performed between July and December in 2021, through the WHOQOL-bref questionnaire application, added with social-demographic information. The population will be composed of plastic surgery residents and surgeons associated with the Brazilian Society of Plastic Surgery (SBCP). Results: We obtained 168 answers via Google Forms®, which allowed us to determine our population through social- demographic questionnaire and make associations with the WHOQOL-bref findings. Conclusion: The current study identified correlations between sociodemographics and quality of life of the Brazilian plastic surgeon. We bring forward descriptive data on a subpopulation of responders inside the SBCP, which achieved a score positively higher than 50% in all of the questionnaire domains.

Introdução: A qualidade de vida (QV) dos médicos é objeto de atenção e de estudo internacionalmente. A QV dos cirurgiões plásticos do Brasil ainda não foi avaliada e não existem descrições das nuances e variáveis que estão mais ou menos relacionadas com a QV dos mesmos. Método: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, de seleção completa, não comparado, não experimental, contemporâneo. Pesquisa foi realizada on-line, entre julho e dezembro de 2021, por meio da aplicação do questionário WHOQOL-bref aos médicos residentes da especialização em cirurgia plástica e médicos cirurgiões plásticos associados à Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Plástica (SBCP). As características sociodemográficas e ocupacionais serão relacionadas à QV. Resultados: Obtivemos 168 respostas dos formulários preenchidos via Google Forms®, o que possibilitou determinar a população estudada pelo questionário sociodemográfico e realizar as associações com os achados do WHOQOL-bref. Conclusão: O presente estudo identificou associação de fatores sociodemográficos à qualidade de vida do cirurgião plástico brasileiro. Delimitamos uma população específica dentro dos participantes da SBCP, a qual pontuou acima de 50% positivamente em todos os domínios do questionário.

Social inequalities in fruit and vegetable consumption by household characteristics in Argentina.

Low consumption of fruits and vegetables contributes to an increased burden of non-communicable diseases. In order to analyze the impact of different factors on fresh fruit and vegetable consumption, an observational, correlational, and cross-sectional study was conducted using data collected in the 2017-2018 National Household Expenditure Survey. We calculated apparent intake of fresh fruits and vegetables in net grams. Descriptive bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted using multiple linear regression. Apparent intake of fresh fruits and vegetables was well below the recommended level; the lowest consumption was observed in households with lower incomes, with lower educational levels, without elderly members, with children under age 14, with a male head of household, and those residing in the Argentine Northeast region. Identifying social inequalities in food consumption contributes to the development of policies aimed at promoting food and nutrition security.

El bajo consumo de verduras y frutas contribuye al aumento de la carga de enfermedades no transmisibles. Con el objetivo de analizar cómo inciden distintos factores en el consumo de verduras y frutas frescas se realizó un estudio observacional, correlacional y transversal con datos obtenidos de la Encuesta Nacional de Gastos de los Hogares 2017-2018. Se estimó el consumo aparente de verduras y frutas frescas, en gramos de peso neto. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo bivariado y uno multivariado a partir de regresiones lineales múltiples. El consumo aparente de verduras y frutas frescas está muy por debajo de lo recomendado, los menores consumos se observaron en hogares de menores ingresos, con menor clima educativo, sin adultos mayores, con menores de 14 años, con jefatura masculina y que residen en la región del nordeste argentino. Conocer las desigualdades sociales en el consumo contribuye a la planificación de políticas que garanticen la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional.

Health endowments, schooling allocation in the family, and longevity: Evidence from US twins.

We analyze data from the Minnesota Twin Registry (MTR), combined with the Socioeconomic Survey of Twins (SST), and new mortality data, and contribute to two bodies of literature. First, we demonstrate a beneficial causal effect of education on health and longevity in contrast to other twin-based studies of the US population, which show little or no effect of education on health. Second, we present evidence that is consistent with parental compensation through education for differences in their children's endowments that predict health, but find no evidence that parents reinforce differences in endowments that predict earnings. We argue that there is a bias towards detecting reinforcement both in this paper and in the literature. Despite this bias, we still find statistical evidence of compensating behavior. We account for observed and unobserved confounding factors, sample selection bias, and measurement error in education.

Consumo de energía y nutrientes críticos según clasificación NOVA en la Argentina, tendencia temporal y diferencias según nivel de ingreso / Intake of energy and critical nutrients according to the NOVA classification in Argentina, time trend and differences according to income / Consumo de energia e nutrientes críticos segundo a classificação NOVA na Argentina: tendência temporal e diferenças por renda familiar

Existe una creciente evidencia de la transición global en los sistemas alimentarios que afectan la disponibilidad, accesibilidad, asequibilidad y conveniencia de los alimentos altamente procesados. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el consumo aparente de energía, grasas saturadas, azúcares agregados y sodio según el grado de procesamiento de los alimentos en la Argentina entre 1996 y 2018, según el nivel de ingreso. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo y transversal, con datos de gastos de alimentos y bebidas e ingresos de la Encuesta Nacional de Gastos de los Hogares de 1996-1997, 2004-2005, 2012-2013 y 2017-2018, que incluye más de 20.000 hogares en cada período. Se calculó el consumo aparente diario de energía, grasas saturadas, azúcares agregados y sodio por adulto equivalente de: (1) alimentos mínimamente procesados; (2) ingredientes culinarios procesados; (3) alimentos procesados y (4) productos ultraprocesados, para cada periodo y según el quintil de ingresos per cápita del hogar. Fue utilizado análisis estadístico descriptivo. En energía y todos los nutrientes evaluados, se observa la reducción de la proporción proveniente de alimentos mínimamente procesados, ingredientes culinarios y alimentos procesados, y el aumento de productos ultraprocesados. Con una mayor contribución a partir de ultraprocesados, a medida que aumentan los ingresos del hogar, pero con diferencias que disminuyen a lo largo del tiempo. Dados los resultados, las estrategias futuras en Argentina deberían promover el consumo de alimentos mínimamente procesados y desalentar la disponibilidad y accesibilidad de alimentos ultraprocesados, con especial énfasis en los grupos más vulnerados.

Growing evidence of the global transition in food systems exists, affecting the availability, accessibility, affordability, and convenience of highly processed foods. This study aimed to evaluate the apparent consumption of energy, saturated fat, added sugars, and sodium according to the degree of food processing in Argentina from 1996 to 2018 and according to income level. This is a descriptive and cross-sectional study with data on food and beverage expenditures and income from the National Household Expenditure Survey for years 1996-1997, 2004-2005, 2012-2013, and 2017-2018, including more than 20,000 households in each period. The apparent daily consumption of energy, saturated fat, added sugars, and sodium per adult for: (1) minimally processed foods; (2) processed culinary ingredients; (3) processed foods; and (4) ultra-processed products, was calculated for each period and according to per capita income quintile in each household. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed. Reductions in the proportion of energy and all nutrients evaluated from minimally processed foods, culinary ingredients and processed foods were observed, as well as an increase in the consumption of ultra-processed products. One also observes a greater share from ultra-processed foods as household income increases but with decreasing differences over time. Therefore, future strategies in Argentina should promote the consumption of minimally processed foods and discourage the availability and accessibility of ultra-processed ones, especially for the most vulnerable groups.

Cada vez mais há evidências sobre a mudança global nos sistemas alimentares, que envolvem disponibilidade, acessibilidade, custo e pertinência dos alimentos ultraprocessados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o consumo aparente de energia, gorduras saturadas, açúcar e sódio conforme o nível de processamento de alimentos e a renda familiar na Argentina no período entre 1996 e 2018. Estudo descritivo e transversal, realizado com dados sobre o consumo de alimentos e bebidas e a renda familiar obtidos da Pesquisa Nacional de Consumo Domiciliar de 1996-1997, 2004-2005, 2012-2013 e 2017-2018, que inclui mais de 20.000 residências em cada período. Foi calculado o consumo diário de energia, gordura saturada, açúcar e sódio por adulto equivalente a partir de: (1) alimentos minimamente processados; (2) ingredientes culinários processados; (3) alimentos processados e (4) alimentos ultraprocessados, para cada período e de acordo com o quintil de renda familiar per capita. Foi aplicada análise estatística descritiva. Em relação à energia e aos nutrientes analisados, foi encontrada uma redução na proporção de alimentos minimamente processados, ingredientes culinários e alimentos processados, e um aumento de alimentos ultraprocessados. O consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados é maior conforme aumenta a renda familiar, mas com diferenças que diminuem ao longo do tempo. Esses resultados evidenciam a necessidade de promover estratégias na Argentina quanto ao consumo de alimentos minimamente processados e desestimular a disponibilidade e o acesso a alimentos ultraprocessados, especialmente para os grupos mais vulneráveis.

Desigualdades sociales en el consumo de verduras y frutas según características de los hogares argentinos / Social inequalities in fruit and vegetable consumption by household characteristics in Argentina

RESUMEN El bajo consumo de verduras y frutas contribuye al aumento de la carga de enfermedades no transmisibles. Con el objetivo de analizar cómo inciden distintos factores en el consumo de verduras y frutas frescas se realizó un estudio observacional, correlacional y transversal con datos obtenidos de la Encuesta Nacional de Gastos de los Hogares 2017-2018. Se estimó el consumo aparente de verduras y frutas frescas, en gramos de peso neto. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo bivariado y uno multivariado a partir de regresiones lineales múltiples. El consumo aparente de verduras y frutas frescas está muy por debajo de lo recomendado, los menores consumos se observaron en hogares de menores ingresos, con menor clima educativo, sin adultos mayores, con menores de 14 años, con jefatura masculina y que residen en la región del nordeste argentino. Conocer las desigualdades sociales en el consumo contribuye a la planificación de políticas que garanticen la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional.

ABSTRACT Low consumption of fruits and vegetables contributes to an increased burden of non-communicable diseases. In order to analyze the impact of different factors on fresh fruit and vegetable consumption, an observational, correlational, and cross-sectional study was conducted using data collected in the 2017-2018 National Household Expenditure Survey. We calculated apparent intake of fresh fruits and vegetables in net grams. Descriptive bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted using multiple linear regression. Apparent intake of fresh fruits and vegetables was well below the recommended level; the lowest consumption was observed in households with lower incomes, with lower educational levels, without elderly members, with children under age 14, with a male head of household, and those residing in the Argentine Northeast region. Identifying social inequalities in food consumption contributes to the development of policies aimed at promoting food and nutrition security.

The vulnerability of rural elderly Indonesian people to disability: an analysis of the national socioeconomic survey.

INTRODUCTION: There is a high prevalence of elderly people aged 65 years and older with disabilities in low- and middle-income countries, including Indonesia. This study examined urban-rural disparities in disabilities among elderly Indonesian people by adopting the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health scheme. METHODS: The cross-sectional design used a sample of 16 054 people aged 65 years and over from the 2018 National Socio-Culture and Education Module of the National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas-MSBP). Disability was measured by functional status questionnaires of Susenas that had adopted the UN Washington Group's short set of disability questions. The threshold was at least one of the six domains coded 'a lot of difficulty' or 'can't do it all', or two of the six domains coded 'some difficulty'. Logistic regression analysis was performed to examine disability-associated factors. RESULTS: The prevalence of disability in this study was 35.1%. Among adults aged ≥65 years, those aged ≥85 years had the highest odds of having a disability (odds ratio (OR) 4.57, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.54-4.59). Unemployed elderly people had a higher risk of disability than employed elderly people (OR 2.48, 95%CI 2.47-2.49). Elderly people who did not participate in leisure activities were 1.8 times more likely to have a disability than those who participated in leisure activities. Elderly people were more vulnerable to disabilities if they were female, unmarried, had a low balanced protein intake, and had health conditions. Physical exercise was a protecting factor against disability among elderly people. Compared with the results for elderly urban people, percentages for high educational attainment, high balanced protein intake, and leisure activities were lower for elderly rural people. CONCLUSION: Elderly rural people in Indonesia were more vulnerable to disabilities than elderly urban people were, which could be attributed to lower educational attainment, a lower balanced protein intake, and fewer leisure activities. As a result, the importance of socializing with family or friends, a high balanced protein intake, and leisure activities in assisting elderly rural people with disability issues must be emphasized.

Health survey in a peruvian health system (ENSSA): design, methodology and general results / Encuesta de salud en un sistema sanitario peruano (ENSSA): diseño, metodología y resultados generales

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To report the design, methodology and initial results of the National Socioeconomic Survey of Access to Health of the EsSalud Insured. RESULTS There were interviews in 25,000 homes, surveying 79,874 people, of which 62,659 were affiliated to EsSalud. The insured people are mainly males (50.6%) with a higher technical education level (39.7%). The insured population has mostly independent (95.0%) and own (68.1%) home. Only 34.5% of the insured practice some sport or physical exercise; 14.0% of the population suffers from a chronic disease; 3.5% have diabetes; and 7.1%, arterial hypertension. In the last three months, 35.4% of the members needed medical attention; of these, only 73.1% received health care and the remaining 10.9% were treated in pharmacies or non-formal health care services. RESULTS The 25,000 homes were interviewed, surveying 79,874 people, of which 62,659 were affiliated to EsSalud. The insured people are mainly males (50.6%) with a higher technical education level (39.7%). The insured population has mostly independent (95.0%) and own (68.1%) home. Only 34.5% of the insured practice some sport or physical exercise; 14.0% of the population suffers from a chronic disease; 3.5% have diabetes; and 7.1%, arterial hypertension. In the last three months, 35.4% of the members needed medical attention; of these, only 73.1% received health care and the remaining 10.9% were treated in pharmacies or non-formal health care services. CONCLUSIONS This survey is the first performed in the population of EsSalud affiliates, applied at the national level, and has socio-economic and demographic data of the insured, their distribution, risk factors of health, prevalence of health problems and the degree of access to health services.

RESUMEN OBJETIVO Reportar el diseño, metodología y resultados iniciales de la Encuesta Nacional Socioeconómica de Acceso a la Salud de los Asegurados de EsSalud. MÉTODOS La Encuesta se ejecutó en los 24 departamentos del país. Los temas investigados fueron: características de la vivienda y miembros del hogar, educación, salud, empleo e ingreso y gastos del hogar. Se realizó un tipo de muestreo bi-etápico: la unidad primaria de muestreo estuvo conformada por conglomerados compuestos por una manzana dentro del ámbito de cobertura del centro asistencial; la unidad secundaria de muestreo fueron viviendas particulares donde habitaba al menos un asegurado a EsSalud. Se analizaron los datos de 62,659 afiliados y se muestran porcentajes ajustados por el factor de expansión. Para las comparaciones, se utilizó la prueba de chi-cuadrado. RESULTADOS Se entrevistaron 25000 viviendas, encuestándose a 79,874 personas, de las cuales 62,659 eran afiliados a EsSalud. Los afiliados son principalmente varones (50.6%) con un nivel de educación técnico superior (39.7%). La población afiliada cuenta mayoritariamente con vivienda independiente (95.0%) y propia (68.1%). Solo el 34.5% de los asegurados practica algún deporte o ejercicio físico. El 14.0% de la población padece de alguna enfermedad crónica; el 3.5% presenta diabetes; y el 7.1%, hipertensión arterial. En los últimos tres meses, el 35.4% de los afiliados necesitaron atención médica; de estos, solo el 73.1% recibieron atención sanitaria y el 10.9% restante se atendieron en farmacias o servicios no formales de atención en salud. CONCLUSIONES Esta encuesta es la primera realizada en la población de afiliados a EsSalud, aplicada a nivel nacional, y cuenta con datos socioeconómicos y demográficos de los asegurados, su distribución, factores de riesgo de la salud, prevalencia de los problemas de salud y el grado de acceso a los servicios de salud.

Relación entre desnutrición y depresión en mujeres adultas mayores en la consulta de un hospital de Quito, 2017 / Relationship between malnutrition and depression in eldery women in the outpatient clinic of a hospital in Quito, 2017

INTRODUCCIÓN. La desnutrición y la depresión son problemas frecuentes en adultos mayores y tienen características propias. Varios factores modificables están asociados. OBJETIVO. Determinar la existencia de relación entre desnutrición y depresión en mujeres mayores de 65 años atendidas en la consulta externa del Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín en el año 2017. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio relacional, transversal en mujeres con estado nutricional normal y desnutrido. La muestra fue de 160 mujeres adultas mayores, en dos grupos de 80 pacientes con y sin desnutrición. Se aplicaron las escalas de: Yesavage para depresión, de Katz para dependencia y de Gijón para valoración socio-familiar. La asociación se estableció mediante Chi Cuadrado de homogeneidad, la fuerza de asociación se midió con Razón de prevalencia. RESULTADOS. La proporción de depresión en pacientes con desnutrición fue el doble que en las no desnutridas, p valor de 0,003 y OR de 2,82 (1,42-5,59). Además, se encontró relación estadísticamente significativa entre desnutrición con: viudez, baja instrucción, bajos ingresos, dependencia, poca ayuda social, aislamiento; y, vivienda con barreras arquitectónicas. CONCLUSIÓN. Existió asociación entre desnutrición y depresión. Las pacientes con desnutrición tienen más probabilidades de presentar síntomas depresivos.

INTRODUCTION. Malnutrition and depression are frequent problems in older adults and have their own characteristics. Several modifiable factors are associated. OBJECTIVE. To determine the existence of a relationship between malnutrition and depression in women over 65 years of age treated in the outpatient clinic of the Carlos Andrade Marín Specialty Hospital in 2017. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Relational, cross-sectional study in women with normal and malnourished nutritional status. The sample was 160 older adult women, in two groups of 80 patients with and without malnutrition. The following scales were applied: Yesavage for depression, Katz for dependency and Gijón for socio-family assessment. The association was established by Chi Square of homogeneity, the strength of association was measured with Reason of prevalence. RESULTS. The proportion of depression in patients with malnutrition was double that in the non-malnourished, p value of 0,003 and OR of 2,82 (1,42-5,59). In addition, a statistically significant relationship was found between malnutrition with: widowhood, low education, low income, dependency, little social help, isolation; and, housing with architectural barriers. CONCLUSIONS. There was an association between malnutrition and depression. Patients with malnutrition are more likely to have depressive symptoms.

Socioeconomic disparities in income, education and geographic location for hypertension among Thai adults: Results from the National Socioeconomic Survey.

Background: Hypertension (HT) has been one of the leading global risk factors for health and the leading cause of death in Thailand for decades. The influence of socioeconomic factors on HT has been varied and inconclusive. The aim of this study was to determine the association between socioeconomic determinants and HT in Thailand. Methods: This study used data from the National Socioeconomic Survey, a cross-sectional study that was conducted by the National Statistical Office of Thailand in the years 2005, 2006 and 2007. In our analysis, data were collected on gender, age, marital status, smoking status, education, status of work, occupation, current liability (short-term debt), household monthly income, residential area, region and previously diagnosed HT by a physician. Results: The odds of having HT were significantly higher among those who had household monthly income, education, residential area and region. The participants who had monthly income of <10001 baht (2005: AOR = 3.19, 95%CI:1.47 - 6.92; 2006: AOR 2.53, 95%CI:1.37 - 4.69; 2007: AOR = 3.35, 95%CI: 1.97 - 7.00), were living in Bangkok compared with the Northeast region (2005: AOR = 1.72, 95%CI:1.37 - 2.17; 2006: AOR =  2.44, 95%CI: 1.89 - 3.13; 2007: AOR =  2.63, 95%CI 2.08 - 3.45), lived as an urban resident (2005: AOR= 1.32, 95%CI: 1.12 - 1.56; 2006: AOR= 1.21, 95%CI: 1.02 - 1.43; 2007: AOR= 1.47, 95%CI: 1.18 - 1.62), and finished primary education (2005: AOR =1.21, 95%CI: 1.03 - 1.43; 2006: AOR= 1.23, 95%CI: 1.04 - 1.46; 2007: AOR= 1.18, 95%CI: 1.01 - 1.38) when controlling for other covariates. Conclusion: This study indicated that socioeconomic disparity has an influence on HT. Those with low educational attainment, low income, lived in urban regions, and were metropolitan residents (Bangkok) were vulnerable to HT.

Cambios en el patrón de consumo de alimentos y bebidas en Argentina, 1996-2013 / Changes in the food and beverage consumption pattern in Argentina, 1996-2013

RESUMEN El patrón alimentario de la población se ha modificado en los últimos años como consecuencia de cambios culturales y en la accesibilidad a los alimentos. Con el objetivo de describir los cambios en el patrón de consumo de alimentos y bebidas en las últimas dos décadas en Argentina, se analizó la Encuesta Nacional de Gastos de los Hogares de los años 1996-1997, 2004-2005 y 2012-2013. Se estimó el consumo aparente promedio de alimentos y bebidas en gramos o mililitros de peso neto por adulto equivalente para cada período. La variación en la cantidad de alimentos y bebidas disponibles para consumo entre 1996 y 2013 muestra un cambio en la estructura del patrón de dieta, que parece indicar un cambio en la forma de comprar, preparar y consumir los alimentos, relacionado con una mayor practicidad, más accesibilidad y menos tiempo dedicado a la preparación de los alimentos.

ABSTRACT The dietary pattern of the population has shifted in recent years as a result of cultural changes and modifications in food accessibility. In order to describe the changes in food and beverage consumption patterns in the last two decades in Argentina, the National Survey of Household Expenditure [Encuesta Nacional de Gastos de los Hogares] was analyzed for the periods 1996-1997, 2004-2005 and 2012-2013. The average apparent consumption of food and beverages in grams or milliliters of net weight per adult equivalent was estimated for each period. The variation in the amount of food and beverages available for consumption between 1996 and 2013 shows that the structure of the dietary pattern has changed, appearing to indicate shifts in the ways of buying, preparing and consuming foods related to greater convenience and accessibility and less time spent on food preparation.

Perfil gerontológico del adulto mayor en Tabasco, México / Gerontological profile of an elderly population in Tabasco, México

Objetivo Definir el perfil gerontológico de los adultos mayores en Tabasco, México. Material y métodos Estudio observacional, retrospectivo, transversal, descriptivo. Universo: 35 745 adultos mayores afiliados al Instituto Nacional de las Personas Adultas Mayores (INAPAM), Delegación Tabasco. Muestra: no se tomó. Criterios de selección: adultos mayores que se afiliaron al INAPAM durante el período Enero/2004-Diciembre/2006. Variables: socio demográficas, sanitarias y de preferencias personales. Fuente de información: base de datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Adultos Mayores del INAPAM correspondiente al período de estudio. Análisis: estadísticas descriptivas. Resultados Algunos adultos mayores se encuentran incapacitados para trabajar (11,9 %), los que laboran lo hacen en el campo (10,5 %). Casi todos tienen ingresos (99,8 %):por apoyo familiar (46 %)o empleo (22,3 %). El analfabetismo está en la quinta parte de la población (21,0 %). La mayoría viven acompañados (88,9 %): por cónyuges (57,3 %) o hijos (45,9 %). Viven en casas propias (87,1 %), con los servicios básicos (94,3 %), y cuentan con estufa, televisión y refrigerador (74,5 %). Las enfermedades más frecuentes: osteo degenerativas (50,4 %), oftalmológicas (39,2 %) y odontológicas (16,3 %), además de: hipertensión arterial, Diabetes mellitus y neoplasias. Cuentan con seguridad social el 63,3 %, pero los servicios de la Secretaría (Ministerio) de Salud son más usados (28,7 %). Fomentan los valores: salud (81,2 %), familia (72,4 %), y amor (45,9 %); la convivencia con la familia es la actividad más frecuente de tiempo libre (72 %), junto a las actividades religiosas (56,4 %). Conclusiones Los rasgos citados integran el perfil gerontológico del adulto mayor de Tabasco. Los resultados de esta serie, difieren parcialmente con los reportados por otras instituciones nacionales.

Objective Defining the gerontological profile of an elderly population in Tabasco, Mexico. Material and methods This was an observational, retrospective, cross-sectional, descriptive study. The study population consisted of 35,745 elderly adults who were enrolled in the Mexican Older Adults' Institute (Instituto Nacional de las Personas Adultas Mayores-INAPAM) in Tabasco. Sampling was not used. The selection criteria invol ved elderly adults who were enrolled in INAPAM from January/2004-December/2006. Socio-demographic, sanitary and personal preferences were the variables considered. INAPAM's Mexican Survey of Senior Citizens' database for the study period was used for providing the necessary information; descriptive statistics were used for analysis. Results Some elderly adults were unable to work (11.9 %); those working did so in the countryside (10.5 %). Almost all of them had some sort of income (99.8 %): family support (46 %) or employment (22.3 %). A fifth of the population were illiterate (21 %). Most of them li ved with someone else (88.9 %) with a spouse (57.3 %) or children (45.9 %). Most li ved in their own houses (87.1 %), had basic services (94.3 %) and a stove, television and refrigerator (74.5 %). The frequently occurring diseases were osteo-degenerative (50.4 %), ophthalmic (39.2 %) dental (16.3 %), high blood pressure-related, Diabetes mellitus and tumours. Most had social security (63.3 %) but mostly used Mexican Ministry of Health services (28.7 %). They fostered the following values: health (81.2 %), family (72.4 %) and love (45.9 %); sharing family time was the most frequent free-time activity (72 %) followed by religious activities (56.4 %). Conclusions The aforementioned features formed the gerontological profile for elderly adults in Tabasco; and the results of this series partially differed from that reported by other Mexican institutions.

Condições de vida de famílias ribeirinhas moradoras nas residências populares do município de Porto Rico, Estado do Paraná, Brasil / Living conditions of riverine families residing in affordable housing in Porto Rico, Paraná State, Brazil

Como parte de um conjunto maior de estudos ecológicos, procurou-se conhecer as condições de vida dos moradores dos três conjuntos habitacionais do município de Porto Rico, Estado do Paraná, Brasil. A amostra constituiu-se de 63 famílias. Um adulto de cada moradia foi entrevistado, após ciência dos objetivos da pesquisa e da confidencialidade dos dados. As informações socioeconômicas do grupo amostral foram obtidas por meio de um inquérito domiciliar, nos meses de julho/2005 e janeiro/2006. Os dados foram processados no Programa Statistical Analysis Software (SAS). Os resultados indicaram que a maioria dos moradores era jovem (idade média de 26 anos); do sexo masculino; solteiro ou vivendo com companheiro; 53,5% completaram o ensino fundamental. Predominaram as famílias nucleares, chefiadas por homens e a média de ocupação era de 3,5 habitantes por moradia. A força de trabalho concentrou-se em atividades urbanas e as rendas familiares variavam de um a sete salários mínimos. Apesar de ser uma cidade ribeirinha, as oportunidades de trabalho ligadas ao rio e a terra eram escassas. Políticas públicas voltadas para o ensino e trabalho são necessárias para melhorar as condições de vida deste segmento da população.

As part of a larger group of ecological studies, this work aimed to determine the living conditions of people residing in the three affordable housing complexes in Porto Rico, Paraná State, Brazil. The sample was comprised of 63 families. One adult per household was interviewed, after informed consent and confidentiality terms were expressed. Socioeconomic data were obtained from the sampled group by means of home surveys, during the months of June 2005 and January 2006. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) software. The results indicated that the majority of residents were young (mean age = 26 years); male; single or living with a partner; 53.5% had completed middle school. Nuclear families prevailed, headed by men, and the occupancy average was 3.5 inhabitants/household. The lines of work were concentrated in urban activities, and family income varied between one and seven times the minimum wage. Despite being a riverine municipality, work opportunities associated with the river and land were scarce. Public policies geared towards education and labor are necessary in order to improve the living conditions of this segment of the population.

Quality of life among the Brazilian adult population using the generic SF-8 questionnaire / Qualidade de vida da população adulta brasileira através do questionário SF-8

The objective of this study was to assess the quality of life in the Brazilian adult population, based on the U.S. standard population. It involved a cross-sectional population-based study with probabilistic sampling of 2,420 individuals (725 men and 1695 women) aged 40 or more in different geographic regions of Brazil. A socio-demographic questionnaire and the SF-8 (Short Form-8) were administered in interview form. Descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, the Mann-Whitney test and Tukey's test were used in the analysis. Females, populations in the northeastern region, the population of the regions of Brasília (Distrito Federal), Campo Grande (Mato Grosso do Sul State) and Goiania (Goiás State), Brazil, demonstrated worse quality of life. Age, education and income had influence over quality of life domains. This study presents quality of life estimates for the Brazilian adult population, based on the SF-8 questionnaire. The mean values on the subscales and components of the SF-8 appeared to be influenced by gender, geographic region, family income, age and schooling.

Avaliar a qualidade de vida da população adulta brasileira, com base em normas populacionais norte-americanas. Estudo transversal de base populacional, por amostragem probabilística. Dois mil, quatrocentos e vinte indivíduos (725 homens e 1.695 mulheres) com idade de 40 anos ou mais foram avaliados em diferentes regiões geográficas brasileiras. Um questionário sociodemográfico e o SF-8 (Short Form-8) foram aplicados através de entrevista. Estatísticas descritivas, a análise de variância (ANOVA), o teste de Mann-Whitney e o teste de Tukey foram utilizados. O sexo feminino, a população da Região Nordeste e de Brasília (Distrito Federal), Goiânia (Goiás) e Campo Grande (Mato Grosso do Sul) apresentaram os piores níveis de qualidade de vida. A idade, a escolaridade e a renda familiar influenciaram negativamente vários domínios de qualidade de vida. O presente estudo apresenta estimativas de qualidade de vida, baseadas no SF-8, para a população adulta brasileira. As médias dos domínios e componentes sumários do SF-8 parecem sofrer influência do sexo, da região geográfica, da renda familiar, da idade e da escolaridade dos participantes.

Social inequality and common mental disorders

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between the socioeconomic characteristics of individuals and common mental disorders. METHOD: A cross-sectional survey of a representative sample of the urban population, 14 years and older, in Campinas (Brazil) (n = 515) was conducted using a multipurpose instrument that included the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) to assess common mental disorders in the previous 3 months. Weighted prevalence of common mental disorders was calculated for each independent variable. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios were estimated using Poisson regression. RESULTS: The overall prevalence was 17 percent (95 percent CI 12.8-22.3), 8.9 percent in males and 24.4 percent in females. An inverse association was found between common mental disorders and the socioeconomic characteristics (schooling and employment) even after controlling for all the other variables. Higher common mental disorders prevalence was observed in those with less than 5 years of schooling (PR = 5.5) and unemployed or underemployed (PR = 2.0). CONCLUSIONS: As in other studies, common mental disorders were unevenly distributed; it was significantly more frequent in socially disadvantaged individuals. Specific actions to reduce inequalities in the general and mental health system should be studied.

OBJETIVO: Analisar a associação entre características socioeconômicas e transtornos mentais comuns. MÉTODO: Realizou-se um inquérito epidemiológico transversal em uma amostra representativa da população ≥ 14 anos de idade, residente na zona urbana de Campinas (SP), utilizando-se um instrumento que incluiu o Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) para avaliar transtornos mentais comuns nos últimos três meses. A prevalência ponderada de transtornos mentais comuns foi calculada para cada variável independente. Razões de prevalência bruta e ajustada foram estimadas por regressão de Poisson. RESULTADOS: A prevalência global foi de 17 por cento (95 por cento IC 12,8-22,3), 8,9 por cento em homens e 24,4 por cento em mulheres. Observou-se uma associação inversa entre transtornos mentais comuns e características sócio-econômicas (escolaridade e emprego) mesmo após ajuste. Apresentaram maior prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns os indivíduos com menos de cinco anos de escolaridade (RP = 5,5) e os desempregados ou subempregados (RP = 2,0). CONCLUSÃO: Como em outros estudos, os transtornos mentais comuns estão desigualmente distribuídos, sendo mais freqüentes em indivíduos que se encontram sob pior condição socioeconômica. Deveriam ser desenvolvidas ações que pudessem reduzir as desigualdades em geral e no campo da saúde mental.

Socio-demographic determinants of self-rated health in Brazil / Determinantes sócio-demográficos da auto-avaliação da saúde no Brasil

Self-rated health has been used extensively in epidemiologic studies, not only due to its importance per se but also due to the validity established by its association with clinical conditions and with greater risk of subsequent morbidity and mortality. In this study, the socio-demographic determinants of good self-rated health are analyzed using data from the World Health Survey, adapted and carried out in Brazil in 2003. Logistic regression models were used, with age and sex as covariables, and educational level, a household assets index, and work-related indicators as measures of socioeconomic status. Besides the effects of sex and age, with consistently worst health perception among females and among the eldest, the results showed pronounced socioeconomic inequalities. After adjusting for age, among females the factors that contributed most to deterioration of health perception were incomplete education and material hardship; among males, besides material hardship, work related indicators (manual work, unemployment, work retirement or incapable to work) were also important determining factors. Among individuals with long-term illness or disability, the socioeconomic gradient persisted, although of smaller magnitude.

A auto-avaliação da saúde vem sendo amplamenteutilizada nos estudos epidemiológicos, não só por serimportante por si, mas também pela sua validade, estabelecidapor suas relações com as condições clínicase com o maior risco de morbi-mortalidade subseqüente.Neste trabalho, são analisados os determinantes sócio-demográficos da auto-avaliação de saúde boa, utilizandoos dados da Pesquisa Mundial de Saúde, inquéritodomiciliar realizado no Brasil, em 2003. Foramutilizados modelos de regressão logística, considerandoidade e sexo como co-variáveis, e o grau deinstrução, a posse de bens no domicílio e a situação detrabalho como indicadores do nível sócio-econômico.Além das diferenças por sexo e idade, com auto-avaliaçõesconsistentemente piores entre as mulheres e entreos mais idosos, os resultados indicaram acentuadasdesigualdades sócio-econômicas. Ajustando-se por idade,entre as mulheres, a instrução incompleta e a privaçãomaterial foram os fatores que mais contribuírampara a pior percepção da saúde; entre os homens,além da privação material, os indicadores relacionadosao trabalho tiveram efeitos importantes. Entre osindivíduos com doença de longa duração ou incapacidade,o gradiente social persistiu, embora em menormagnitude.